Mesopotamia: writing (cuneiform) and law

In this lesson, we'll explore mesopotamia: writing (cuneiform) and law. Understanding history and society helps us become informed citizens.

Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, is often called the "Cradle of Civilization." The Sumerian city-states (~3500 BCE) were among the first complex societies. Key contributions: Writing—cuneiform (wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets) was developed around 3200 BCE, initially for record-keeping and trade, later for literature (Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the world's oldest stories). Law—Hammurabi's Code (~1754 BCE) was one of the earliest written legal codes, establishing principles of standardized punishment. Math—the base-60 number system (still used for time: 60 seconds, 60 minutes). Architecture—the ziggurat (stepped pyramid temple). Mesopotamia demonstrates how agriculture, surplus, trade, and urban life created the need for writing, law, and administration.

As you work through today's material, pay attention to the examples and try to identify the patterns or strategies being used. This will help you apply these concepts to new problems.

Take notes on key points and make connections to what you've already learned in previous lessons.