The Bill of Rights: Amendments 1-5

In this lesson, we'll explore the bill of rights: amendments 1-5. Understanding history and society helps us become informed citizens.

The U.S. judicial system interprets the Constitution and federal law. The Supreme Court has 9 justices appointed for life and has the power of judicial review—declaring laws unconstitutional (established by Marbury v. Madison, 1803). Landmark cases: Brown v. Board of Education (1954, desegregation), Miranda v. Arizona (1966, suspect rights), Roe v. Wade (1973, abortion rights), Citizens United v. FEC (2010, campaign finance). The First Amendment protects five fundamental freedoms: freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. These rights are not absolute—courts balance them against public safety and other rights. Political parties organize citizens and candidates around shared positions. The Electoral College—not the popular vote—officially elects presidents; each state gets electors equal to its congressional representation. Civic participation extends beyond voting: community organizing, contacting representatives, peaceful protest, jury service, and advocacy are all forms of civic engagement.

As you work through today's material, pay attention to the examples and try to identify the patterns or strategies being used. This will help you apply these concepts to new problems.

Take notes on key points and make connections to what you've already learned in previous lessons.