Average vs. instantaneous velocity

This lesson focuses on average vs. instantaneous velocity. The scientific method provides a framework for systematic investigation and discovery.

Force is a push or pull that can change an object's motion. Newton's Three Laws: (1) Inertia—an object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion stays in motion at constant velocity, unless acted upon by a net force. (2) F = ma—net force equals mass times acceleration; greater force = greater acceleration; greater mass = less acceleration for the same force. (3) Action-Reaction—for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. Gravity is an attractive force between all objects with mass; near Earth's surface, g ≈ 9.8 m/s². Friction is a force opposing motion between surfaces. Velocity is speed with direction; acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. These principles explain everything from falling objects to rocket launches.

As you engage with this material, consider both the theoretical foundations and practical applications. Think critically about how this concept builds on prior knowledge and where you might apply it beyond the classroom.

Challenge yourself to go beyond memorization—seek to understand the "why" behind the processes and principles.