Branches of philosophy

This lesson focuses on branches of philosophy. Interdisciplinary approaches reveal connections that single-subject study might miss.

Philosophy is the systematic study of fundamental questions: What exists? (metaphysics), What can we know? (epistemology), How should we act? (ethics), What is beautiful? (aesthetics), How should we reason? (logic). Epistemology examines knowledge: Is knowledge certain or probabilistic? What are reliable sources—reason, perception, authority, intuition? Major ethical frameworks: Consequentialism (judge actions by outcomes—the right action produces the best consequences); Utilitarianism (Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill: maximize total happiness). Deontological ethics (Kant's categorical imperative: act only according to rules you could will to be universal laws—consequences don't justify wrong means). Virtue Ethics (Aristotle: focus on developing character rather than following rules—what would a person of good character do?). Care Ethics (relationships and context matter). Applying frameworks to dilemmas often produces different answers, revealing real moral tensions that require judgment, not just rules.

As you engage with this material, consider both the theoretical foundations and practical applications. Think critically about how this concept builds on prior knowledge and where you might apply it beyond the classroom.

Challenge yourself to go beyond memorization—seek to understand the "why" behind the processes and principles.